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China Expands Digital Influence Strategy Across Central America, Study Finds
China is significantly increasing its digital footprint across Central America through a sophisticated influence campaign designed to reshape regional narratives and strengthen its geopolitical position, according to a comprehensive new report by Central American think tank Expediente Abierto and Latin American digital research outlet ProBox.
The study reveals that beyond traditional infrastructure projects and trade agreements, China has developed country-specific digital influence strategies in Panama, El Salvador, and Costa Rica. These efforts aim to consolidate China’s image as a trustworthy partner while simultaneously discrediting critical voices and alternative democratic models.
“China’s soft power in the region is no longer limited to cultural or educational expressions. It now operates as a key geopolitical tool in the battle over narratives,” the report states, highlighting how Beijing’s approach represents a potential challenge to democratic principles in the region.
Using a mixed-methods approach that included content analysis of social media posts, social listening tools, and identification of key influencers, researchers found that Chinese embassies and diplomats actively promote favorable narratives through platforms like X (formerly Twitter), Facebook, and Instagram.
The investigation identified several common elements across all three countries studied: Chinese state media outlets like Xinhua and CGTN en Español play crucial roles in disseminating pro-Beijing content; local media frequently republish this material without critical analysis; and academic, government, or pro-establishment actors serve as regional amplifiers.
The researchers noted significant regional adaptation in China’s messaging. In Panama, the focus is on the country’s historical 170-year relationship with Chinese communities and positioning China as an alternative to U.S. influence. Social media content frequently references American interventionism, particularly regarding the Panama Canal and the 1989 U.S. invasion.
El Salvador demonstrates the clearest alignment between a Central American government and China. Under President Nayib Bukele’s administration, pro-China narratives highlighting infrastructure projects, technology cooperation, security partnerships, and scholarship programs receive prominent coverage through state-owned media like Diario El Salvador. The report indicates evidence of self-censorship in independent digital outlets due to fears of government reprisals.
In Costa Rica, China’s digital strategy takes on more technical and cultural tones, emphasizing educational initiatives through Confucius Institutes and academic scholarships. The study notes that China has positioned itself as a victim of external pressure following Costa Rica’s exclusion of Huawei from its 5G network development—a narrative that portrays the United States as interfering in Costa Rican sovereignty.
The Chinese digital strategy seeks not only to reinforce a positive presence but also to minimize criticism of its authoritarian model and present its political system as a successful alternative to Western liberalism. This is often framed as “unconditional cooperation,” a message that resonates particularly in countries with authoritarian or semi-authoritarian tendencies.
Key amplifiers of pro-China messaging include the Latin American Faculty of Social Sciences (FLACSO), local academics, and traditional media outlets. In Panama specifically, the widely read La Estrella de Panamá newspaper and public broadcaster Sertv Noticias are identified as significant channels for Chinese messaging.
The findings raise important questions about information integrity and media independence in Central America, where freedom of expression and information pluralism already face significant challenges. As China continues to expand its digital influence operations, the report suggests growing implications for democratic discourse throughout the region.
The complete report is available in Spanish as a PDF document.
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10 Comments
China’s digital influence campaign in Central America is a concerning development that deserves close scrutiny. The report’s findings highlight the need for robust fact-checking, digital literacy, and cross-border collaboration to counter disinformation and preserve democratic integrity.
The expansion of Chinese digital propaganda in Central America is a complex issue that requires thoughtful analysis. It will be important to understand the full scope of these efforts and their potential impacts on the region’s political and information landscapes.
China’s growing digital footprint in Central America is a complex issue. While economic cooperation can be beneficial, the potential for undermining democratic principles is worrying. Thoughtful analysis from diverse perspectives is needed to fully grasp the ramifications.
China’s growing digital footprint in Central America is an important story that warrants close attention. I’m curious to learn more about the specific tactics being employed and how local actors are responding to counter disinformation and protect democratic institutions.
This report highlights China’s strategic use of digital tools to shape regional narratives and counter democratic voices. It’s a concerning development that bears close monitoring by local stakeholders and the international community.
The expansion of Chinese digital propaganda in Central America is an important story. I’m curious to learn more about the specific tactics and platforms being used, as well as local responses and efforts to promote transparency and media literacy.
This report sheds light on China’s strategic use of digital tools to exert influence in Central America. While economic cooperation can be beneficial, the potential risks to democratic principles must be carefully considered and addressed by regional stakeholders.
This report provides valuable insights into China’s evolving influence strategies in the region. It will be interesting to see how Central American governments and civil society navigate these challenges to safeguard democratic institutions and norms.
The expansion of Chinese digital propaganda in Central America is a complex geopolitical issue with significant implications. I look forward to seeing further research and analysis that examines the nuances and potential impacts from multiple angles.
Interesting to see China expanding its digital influence in Central America. I wonder how this will impact the political and information landscape in the region. It’s important to understand the full scope and implications of these efforts.